集约化养殖场羊与兔粪尿产生量的监测

以集约化养羊场、养兔场为研究对象,监测了不同季节羊与兔的粪尿排泄量、粪尿养分含量、饲料养分摄入量等.结果表明,兔日平均粪便排泄量0.37 kg·只-1,年粪便排泄总量135.05 kg·只-1,粪便中氮、磷、钾和有机质平均质量含量分别为25.55、5.07、6.59和660.4 g·kg-1;羊日平均粪便排泄量1.09 kg·只-1,年排泄总量397.85 kg·只-1,粪便中氮、磷、钾以及有机质平均质量含量分别为19.89、4.90、11.79和649.1 g·kg-1.同一季节,同种动物磷的排泄量与摄入量比值高于氮、钾,同种动物养分排泄量与摄入量比值在不同季节也有差异.     

黄土丘陵区侵蚀坡面土壤微生物量碳时空动态及影响因素

以黄土丘陵区具有典型侵蚀和沉积部位的5个有机碳水平的侵蚀坡面为对象,通过对雨季土壤微生物量碳的研究,辨析了侵蚀-沉积条件下坡面土壤微生物量碳时空变化的影响因素及影响程度.结果表明：①土壤侵蚀导致坡面侵蚀-沉积区土壤温湿度、有机碳含量出现明显的时空分异,分异程度与土壤有机碳水平有关;②雨季末土壤微生物量碳相比雨季前显著增加,增幅可达91.08%~286.83%.坡面沉积区土壤微生物量碳含量大于侵蚀区,随着土壤有机碳水平升高,侵蚀-沉积区土壤微生物量碳含量差增大,空间分异加剧;③坡面侵蚀-沉积区土壤微生物量碳对土壤有机碳含量、温度、湿度等因素的敏感程度不同,雨季前土壤微生物量碳对土壤湿度变化最敏感,而雨季末沉积区土壤微生物量碳对土壤温度变化最敏感,在侵蚀区对土壤有机碳变化更为敏感.土壤侵蚀和季节变化是导致坡面土壤微生物量碳时空分布差异的重要原因,土壤微生物量碳对影响因素的敏感性差异主要是不同时空条件下限制性要素的转换所致.     

ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺除碳脱氮特性

CANON工艺如能处理低氨氮城市生活污水,将大幅度降低市政污水处理能耗.故以纤维载体为填料,在CSTR反应器中同时接种亚硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥启动CANON反应器,且在CANON系统前端添加ABR除碳系统,构建ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺,研究ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺除碳脱氮性能,并采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况.结果表明,通过同时接种亚硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥,控制DO为0. 5～2 mg·L-1、HRT为6h、p H值为8左右等措施,在55 d内成功启动CANON系统,TN去除率为81%～87%,氨氮负荷为0. 195 kg·(m3·d)-1. ABR除碳系统出水有机物浓度(120 mg·L-1)不会对后续CANON系统产生不利影响,一体式ABR除碳-CANON工艺TN去除率在74%～87%,出水COD平均浓度为40 mg·L-1.同时,CANON系统启动后变形菌门(Proteobacteria)得到了显著提升,鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria)所占比例下降为6. 8%,CANON系统中亚硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌不断淘汰劣势菌群成为反应器内优势菌群,一体化ABR除碳-CANON工艺对城市污水具有良好的脱氮除碳效果.     

表面流人工湿地长期运行后的底泥营养盐累积特征与释放规律

底泥在表面流人工湿地污染物迁移转化中起到非常重要的载体作用,探究其营养盐的累积特征与释放规律对了解长期运行的表流湿地净化功能具有重要意义.以运行了5 a的盐龙湖表面流人工湿地底泥为研究对象,对不同位置底泥的总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量进行分析并开展柱状芯样静态释放实验.结果表明,盐龙湖表流湿地运行5 a后,底泥整体属于中度污染范畴,营养盐累积水平主要受进水条件、水深和植物作用等影响.(1)顺着水流方向,表流湿地底泥营养盐含量表现升高趋势;(2)随着上覆水水深增大,底泥营养盐含量升高,碳受影响程度较深;(3)表流湿地植物的生长情况越好,底泥中累积的营养盐含量也越高.底泥营养盐释放趋势呈现为先升后降,在20 d后基本达到平衡.释放速率主要受湿地底泥营养盐累积水平影响,其规律与轻度营养型水库底泥较为相似.表流湿地底泥中包含的植物残体会使营养盐释放更强烈,研究结果可为长期运行的表面流人工湿地提升净化能力提供科学依据.     

青岛近海生物气溶胶中总微生物的分布特征

为了解生物气溶胶中总微生物浓度的月季分布和粒径分布特征,于2016年9月～2017年7月期间在青岛近海连续采集了大气生物气溶胶分级样品,并利用DAPI染色-荧光显微镜计数方法测定了生物气溶胶中总微生物浓度.结果表明,采样期间青岛近海生物气溶胶中总微生物浓度范围为1. 86×10~5～2. 54×10~6cells·m~(-3),平均值为(6. 84±4. 83)×10~5cells·m~(-3).大气中总微生物浓度的季节变化为春季和冬季较高,夏季较低,秋季最低,统计分析显示秋季和春季、夏季大气中总微生物浓度具有明显的季节变化差异(P 0. 05).生物气溶胶中总微生物月均浓度在2. 65×10~5～1. 12×10~6cells·m~(-3)之间,最高值出现在2017年2月,最低值出现在2016年9月. 2015～2017年青岛秋冬季大气中总微生物浓度一日中变化较大,但并未呈现出明显的日变化规律(P 0. 05).生物气溶胶中总微生物的粒径分布呈现偏态分布, 7. 0μm粒径所占比例最高,可达20. 5%～27. 3%;粒径分布随月份不同而有变化,呈现双峰分布和偏态分布两类.相关性分析显示,总微生物浓度与AQI、CO、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)等因子呈显著正相关(P 0. 05),与温度、风速和风向等气象因素以及NO_2、SO_2和O_3等因子无显著相关(P 0. 05).多元线性回归模拟结果显示,生物气溶胶总微生物浓度中20. 6%的变化与相对湿度和PM_(2.5)相关.     

有机物特性对AAO系统污泥沉降性能的影响

研究了不同进水混合型有机物组成下AAO系统中活性污泥菌群结构演替规律以及微生物胞内、胞外聚合物的变化对污泥沉降性能的影响.结果表明,当进水中有机物全部为溶解态时,污泥沉降性能最佳,污泥体积指数(sludge volume index,SVI)为70 m L·g-1,且优于进水有机物以溶解态为主(SVI=120 m L·g-1)和以颗粒态为主(SVI=280 m L·g-1)的系统.根据菌群结构分析可知Thiothrix、Chryseolinea和Trichococcus这3种菌属对污泥沉降性能的影响至关重要.其中颗粒态有机物可促进Trichococcus的生长,而溶解态有机物可促进Thiothrix和Chryseolinea的生长.此外,菌群结构的改变也对胞内及胞外聚合物的变化有重要影响,从而加剧污泥沉降性能改善或恶化的进程.较高的溶解态有机物含量可提高胞内聚合物贮存能力,并改善污泥沉降性能.同时,污泥沉降性能也与松散附着胞外聚合物(loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances,LB-EPS)中多糖、蛋白质和Zeta电位呈显著负相关关系.     

不同水温分层水库沉积物间隙水营养盐垂向分布与细菌群落结构的关系

为探究不同水温分层水库沉积物间隙水营养盐垂向分布规律及其与细菌群落结构的关系,运用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析了2018年1月澜沧江小湾、漫湾水库建库后沉积物细菌群落结构特征,并采用Cannoco软件对细菌群落与环境因子关系进行了冗余分析.结果表明,调查期间小湾水库水体表底温差3. 3℃,最大温度梯度为0. 2℃·m~(-1)属于分层水体,漫湾表底温差0. 1℃属于混合水体.小湾间隙水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N平均质量浓度分别为2. 233 mg·L~(-1)和0. 030 mg·L~(-1),漫湾分别为2. 569 mg·L~(-1)和0. 016 mg·L~(-1).间隙水NH_4~+-N在两个水库沉积物中均表现垂向向下增大的趋势,而NO_3~--N垂向变化则不明显但均在深层质量浓度最底,库区间比较来看,只有NO_3~--N具有极显著性差异,其中小湾明显高于漫湾.菌群分类发现,小湾与漫湾沉积物细菌群落具有相同的优势菌门和优势菌属,水温分层对间隙水营养盐及细菌群落结构无显著影响.而漫湾相比小湾沉积物中反硝化菌相对丰度更高,硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌相对丰度更低,同一库区沉积物深层中反硝化菌相对丰度较高,有机物降解菌、硝化菌、厌氧氨氧化菌和溶磷菌相对丰度较低,是造成沉积物营养盐库间差异和垂向差异的原因.     

Assessment of Residential Rain Barrel Water Quality and Use in Cincinnati,Ohio1

The collection, storage, and reuse of rainwater collected in rain barrels from urban rooftop areas assists municipalities in achieving stormwater management objectives and in some areas also serves as an adjunct resource for domestic water supplies. In this study, rainwater reuse and levels of select microbial indicators were monitored for six residential rain barrels located in the Shepherd Creek watershed of Cincinnati, Ohio. Water from rain barrels typically had poor microbial quality and was used for watering indoor and outdoor plants. Rain barrel water chemistry was slightly acidic, exhibited wide ranges in conductivity, turbidity, and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations and gave no evidence of the presence of cyanobacterial microcystin toxins. Selected microbial water‐quality indicators indicated that counts of total coliform and enterococci were consistently above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards for secondary recreational contact water‐quality standards. Residential rain barrels can provide water appropriate for low‐contact reuses (such as plant watering), although there may be transient periods of high levels of indicator bacteria in the collected water.     

Modeling Nutrient Export From Coastal California Watersheds

Nitrate and phosphate export coefficient models were developed for coastal watersheds along the Santa Barbara Channel in central California. One approach was based on measurements of nutrient fluxes in streams from specific land use classes and included a watershed response function that scaled export up or down depending on antecedent moisture conditions. The second approach for nutrient export coefficient modeling used anthropogenic nutrient loading for land use classes and atmospheric nutrient deposition to model export. In an application of the first approach to one watershed, the nitrate and phosphate models were within 20% of measured values for most storms. When applied to another year, both nitrate and phosphate models generally performed adequately with annual, storm‐flow, and base‐flow values within 20% of measured nutrient loadings. Less satisfactory results were found when applied to neighboring watersheds with difference percentages of land use and hydrologic conditions. Application of the second approach was less successful than the first approach.     

Sustainable innovation in wastewater management: lessons for nutrient recovery and reuse

Urine diversion (UD) has great potential to contribute to sustainably managing wastewater by separating urine at the source and recovering nutrients for reuse in agriculture. While factors enabling the UD technology in Sweden are thought to involve policies supporting nutrient recovery/reuse, on closer inspection, the variable success of UD systems has revealed that critical factors for success also relate to human-centred issues of social organisation, participation and incorporation of social knowledges of a variety of stakeholders into the decision-making process in which new technologies are trialled and adopted. Through the analytical lens of strategic niche management, we consider how early experimentation in UD has involved user participation and whether internal processes of learning, networking and visioning have been consciously considered and to what effect. As niche experiments are enabled/disabled not only by informal institutions such as values and social norms but also formal regulatory institutions, we have concurrently analysed the broader environment in which policies and institutions influence, to varying degrees, the uptake of UD.